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Nobel Prize Winners

Complete list of Nobel Prize laureates across Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economics from 1901 to present.

Updated: just now
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Year
Category
Laureate
Country
Rationale
12025EconomicsPeter HowittCanadaFor having explained innovation-driven economic growth
22025EconomicsPhilippe AghionFranceFor having explained innovation-driven economic growth
32025PhysicsMichel H. DevoretFranceFor discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit
42025PhysicsJohn M. MartinisUSAFor discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit
52025ChemistrySusumu KitagawaJapanFor development of metal-organic frameworks
62025ChemistryRichard RobsonAustraliaFor development of metal-organic frameworks
72025PhysicsJohn ClarkeUKFor discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit
82025EconomicsJoel MokyrUSAFor having explained innovation-driven economic growth
92025PeaceMaría Corina MachadoVenezuelaFor tireless work promoting democratic rights for people of Venezuela and struggle for just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy
102025LiteratureLászló KrasznahorkaiHungaryFor compelling and visionary oeuvre that in midst of apocalyptic terror reaffirms power of art
112025MedicineShimon SakaguchiJapanFor discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance
122025MedicineMary E. BrunkowUSAFor discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance
132025MedicineFred RamsdellUSAFor discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance
142025ChemistryOmar M. YaghiUSAFor development of metal-organic frameworks
152024MedicineGary RuvkunUSAFor discovery of microRNA and its role in gene regulation
162024PeaceNihon HidankyoJapanFor efforts of atomic bomb survivors toward a world free of nuclear weapons
172024LiteratureHan KangSouth KoreaFor intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes fragility of human life
182024PhysicsJohn J. HopfieldUSAFor foundational discoveries enabling machine learning with artificial neural networks
192024PhysicsGeoffrey E. HintonUK/CanadaFor foundational discoveries enabling machine learning with artificial neural networks
202024ChemistryDavid BakerUSAFor computational protein design
212024ChemistryDemis HassabisUKFor protein structure prediction using AI
222024ChemistryJohn M. JumperUSAFor protein structure prediction using AI
232024MedicineVictor AmbrosUSAFor discovery of microRNA and its role in gene regulation
242024EconomicsSimon JohnsonUSAFor studies on how institutions are formed and affect prosperity
252024EconomicsJames A. RobinsonUSAFor studies on how institutions are formed and affect prosperity
262024EconomicsDaron AcemogluUSAFor studies on how institutions are formed and affect prosperity
272023ChemistryLouis E. BrusUSAFor discovery and synthesis of quantum dots
282023ChemistryAlexei I. EkimovRussia/USAFor discovery and synthesis of quantum dots
292023MedicineKatalin KarikóHungary/USAFor discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled development of effective mRNA vaccines
302023MedicineDrew WeissmanUSAFor discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled development of effective mRNA vaccines
312023LiteratureJon FosseNorwayFor innovative plays and prose which give voice to unsayable
322023PeaceNarges MohammadiIranFor fight against oppression of women in Iran and efforts to promote human rights and freedom for all
332023EconomicsClaudia GoldinUSAFor advancing our understanding of women's labour market outcomes
342023ChemistryMoungi G. BawendiUSAFor discovery and synthesis of quantum dots
352023PhysicsFerenc KrauszHungary/AustriaFor experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for study of electron dynamics in matter
362023PhysicsAnne L'HuillierFrance/SwedenFor experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for study of electron dynamics in matter
372023PhysicsPierre AgostiniFrance/USAFor experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for study of electron dynamics in matter
382022PeaceCenter for Civil LibertiesUkraineFor outstanding effort to document human rights violations in their home countries
392022EconomicsPhilip H. DybvigUSAFor research on banks and financial crises
402022EconomicsDouglas W. DiamondUSAFor research on banks and financial crises
412022EconomicsBen S. BernankeUSAFor research on banks and financial crises
422022PeaceAles BialiatskiBelarusFor outstanding effort to document human rights violations in their home countries
432022PhysicsJohn F. ClauserUSAFor experiments with entangled photons establishing violation of Bell inequalities
442022PhysicsAlain AspectFranceFor experiments with entangled photons establishing violation of Bell inequalities
452022ChemistryMorten MeldalDenmarkFor development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry
462022ChemistryK. Barry SharplessUSAFor development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry
472022MedicineSvante PääboSwedenFor discoveries concerning genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution
482022LiteratureAnnie ErnauxFranceFor courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers roots and collective constraints of personal memory
492022PhysicsAnton ZeilingerAustriaFor experiments with entangled photons establishing violation of Bell inequalities
502022ChemistryCarolyn R. BertozziUSAFor development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry
512022PeaceMemorialRussiaFor outstanding effort to document human rights violations in their home countries
522021PhysicsGiorgio ParisiItalyFor discovery of interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales
532021PhysicsKlaus HasselmannGermanyFor physical modelling of Earth's climate quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming
542021MedicineArdem PatapoutianLebanon/USAFor discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch
552021ChemistryDavid W.C. MacMillanUK/USAFor development of asymmetric organocatalysis
562021MedicineDavid JuliusUSAFor discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch
572021ChemistryBenjamin ListGermanyFor development of asymmetric organocatalysis
582021EconomicsGuido W. ImbensNetherlands/USAFor methodological contributions to analysis of causal relationships
592021PeaceDmitry MuratovRussiaFor efforts to safeguard freedom of expression as precondition for democracy and lasting peace
602021PeaceMaria RessaPhilippinesFor efforts to safeguard freedom of expression as precondition for democracy and lasting peace
612021EconomicsJoshua D. AngristUSAFor methodological contributions to analysis of causal relationships
622021PhysicsSyukuro ManabeJapan/USAFor physical modelling of Earth's climate quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming
632021EconomicsDavid CardCanada/USAFor empirical contributions to labour economics
642021LiteratureAbdulrazak GurnahTanzania/UKFor uncompromising and compassionate penetration of effects of colonialism and fate of refugee
652020ChemistryEmmanuelle CharpentierFranceFor development of method for genome editing CRISPR-Cas9
662020EconomicsRobert B. WilsonUSAFor improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats
672020EconomicsPaul R. MilgromUSAFor improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats
682020ChemistryJennifer A. DoudnaUSAFor development of method for genome editing CRISPR-Cas9
692020MedicineHarvey J. AlterUSAFor discovery of Hepatitis C virus
702020MedicineMichael HoughtonUKFor discovery of Hepatitis C virus
712020MedicineCharles M. RiceUSAFor discovery of Hepatitis C virus
722020LiteratureLouise GlückUSAFor unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal
732020PeaceWorld Food ProgrammeInternationalFor efforts to combat hunger and contribution to bettering conditions for peace
742020PhysicsRoger PenroseUKFor discovery that black hole formation is robust prediction of general theory of relativity
752020PhysicsAndrea GhezUSAFor discovery of supermassive compact object at centre of Milky Way galaxy
762020PhysicsReinhard GenzelGermanyFor discovery of supermassive compact object at centre of Milky Way galaxy
772019EconomicsMichael KremerUSAFor experimental approach to alleviating global poverty
782019PhysicsJames PeeblesCanada/USAFor theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology
792019LiteraturePeter HandkeAustriaFor influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored periphery and specificity of human experience
802019PeaceAbiy Ahmed AliEthiopiaFor efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation
812019EconomicsAbhijit BanerjeeIndia/USAFor experimental approach to alleviating global poverty
822019EconomicsEsther DufloFrance/USAFor experimental approach to alleviating global poverty
832019ChemistryM. Stanley WhittinghamUK/USAFor development of lithium-ion batteries
842019ChemistryJohn B. GoodenoughUSAFor development of lithium-ion batteries
852019PhysicsDidier QuelozSwitzerlandFor discovery of exoplanet orbiting solar-type star
862019ChemistryAkira YoshinoJapanFor development of lithium-ion batteries
872019PhysicsMichel MayorSwitzerlandFor discovery of exoplanet orbiting solar-type star
882019MedicineWilliam G. Kaelin Jr.USAFor discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability
892019MedicinePeter J. RatcliffeUKFor discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability
902019MedicineGregg L. SemenzaUSAFor discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability
912018PhysicsArthur AshkinUSAFor optical tweezers and their application to biological systems
922018PhysicsDonna StricklandCanadaFor method of generating high-intensity ultra-short optical pulses
932018EconomicsPaul M. RomerUSAFor integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis
942018MedicineJames P. AllisonUSAFor discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation
952018MedicineTasuku HonjoJapanFor discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation
962018LiteratureOlga TokarczukPolandFor narrative imagination that represents crossing of boundaries as form of life
972018PeaceNadia MuradIraqFor efforts to end use of sexual violence as weapon of war and armed conflict
982018EconomicsWilliam D. NordhausUSAFor integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis
992018PhysicsGérard MourouFranceFor method of generating high-intensity ultra-short optical pulses
1002018ChemistryFrances H. ArnoldUSAFor directed evolution of enzymes
1012018ChemistryGregory P. WinterUKFor phage display of antibodies
1022018ChemistryGeorge P. SmithUSAFor phage display of peptides and antibodies
1032018PeaceDenis MukwegeDR CongoFor efforts to end use of sexual violence as weapon of war and armed conflict
1042017PeaceInternational Campaign to Abolish Nuclear WeaponsInternationalFor work to draw attention to catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons
1052017EconomicsRichard H. ThalerUSAFor contributions to behavioural economics
1062017PhysicsKip S. ThorneUSAFor decisive contributions to LIGO detector and observation of gravitational waves
1072017MedicineMichael W. YoungUSAFor discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling circadian rhythm
1082017LiteratureKazuo IshiguroUK/JapanFor novels of great emotional force having uncovered abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with world
1092017MedicineMichael RosbashUSAFor discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling circadian rhythm
1102017MedicineJeffrey C. HallUSAFor discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling circadian rhythm
1112017ChemistryRichard HendersonUKFor developing cryo-electron microscopy for high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules
1122017ChemistryJoachim FrankGermany/USAFor developing cryo-electron microscopy for high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules
1132017ChemistryJacques DubochetSwitzerlandFor developing cryo-electron microscopy for high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules
1142017PhysicsRainer WeissUSAFor decisive contributions to LIGO detector and observation of gravitational waves
1152017PhysicsBarry C. BarishUSAFor decisive contributions to LIGO detector and observation of gravitational waves
1162016ChemistryJ. Fraser StoddartUK/USAFor design and synthesis of molecular machines
1172016EconomicsOliver HartUK/USAFor contributions to contract theory
1182016ChemistryJean-Pierre SauvageFranceFor design and synthesis of molecular machines
1192016PhysicsJ. Michael KosterlitzUK/USAFor theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter
1202016PhysicsF. Duncan M. HaldaneUK/USAFor theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter
1212016MedicineYoshinori OhsumiJapanFor discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy
1222016PhysicsDavid J. ThoulessUK/USAFor theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter
1232016EconomicsBengt R. HolmströmFinlandFor contributions to contract theory
1242016LiteratureBob DylanUSAFor having created new poetic expressions within great American song tradition
1252016ChemistryBernard L. FeringaNetherlandsFor design and synthesis of molecular machines
1262016PeaceJuan Manuel SantosColombiaFor resolute efforts to bring country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end
1272015LiteratureSvetlana AlexievichBelarusFor polyphonic writings as monument to suffering and courage in our time
1282015MedicineYouyou TuChinaFor discoveries concerning novel therapy against malaria
1292015MedicineWilliam C. CampbellIreland/USAFor discoveries concerning novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites
1302015MedicineSatoshi ŌmuraJapanFor discoveries concerning novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites
1312015ChemistryPaul ModrichUSAFor mechanistic studies of DNA repair
1322015EconomicsAngus DeatonUK/USAFor analysis of consumption poverty and welfare
1332015PeaceTunisian National Dialogue QuartetTunisiaFor decisive contribution to building pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in wake of Jasmine Revolution
1342015PhysicsArthur B. McDonaldCanadaFor discovery of neutrino oscillations showing that neutrinos have mass
1352015ChemistryTomas LindahlSweden/UKFor mechanistic studies of DNA repair
1362015PhysicsTakaaki KajitaJapanFor discovery of neutrino oscillations showing that neutrinos have mass
1372015ChemistryAziz SancarTurkey/USAFor mechanistic studies of DNA repair
1382014ChemistryWilliam E. MoernerUSAFor development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy
1392014LiteraturePatrick ModianoFranceFor art of memory with which he has evoked most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered life-world of Occupation
1402014PeaceKailash SatyarthiIndiaFor struggle against suppression of children and young people and right of all children to education
1412014PeaceMalala YousafzaiPakistanFor struggle against suppression of children and young people and right of all children to education
1422014MedicineEdvard I. MoserNorwayFor discoveries of cells that constitute positioning system in brain
1432014ChemistryStefan W. HellGermanyFor development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy
1442014ChemistryEric BetzigUSAFor development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy
1452014PhysicsShuji NakamuraUSAFor invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes
1462014PhysicsIsamu AkasakiJapanFor invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes
1472014EconomicsJean TiroleFranceFor analysis of market power and regulation
1482014MedicineMay-Britt MoserNorwayFor discoveries of cells that constitute positioning system in brain
1492014MedicineJohn O'KeefeUSA/UKFor discoveries of cells that constitute positioning system in brain
1502014PhysicsHiroshi AmanoJapanFor invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes
1512013PhysicsPeter W. HiggsUKFor theoretical discovery of mechanism that contributes to understanding of origin of mass of subatomic particles
1522013MedicineThomas C. SüdhofGermany/USAFor machinery regulating vesicle traffic a major transport system in cells
1532013PhysicsFrançois EnglertBelgiumFor theoretical discovery of mechanism that contributes to understanding of origin of mass of subatomic particles
1542013ChemistryMartin KarplusUSAFor development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems
1552013LiteratureAlice MunroCanadaFor master of contemporary short story
1562013PeaceOrganisation for the Prohibition of Chemical WeaponsInternationalFor extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons
1572013EconomicsLars Peter HansenUSAFor empirical analysis of asset prices
1582013MedicineRandy W. SchekmanUSAFor machinery regulating vesicle traffic a major transport system in cells
1592013MedicineJames E. RothmanUSAFor machinery regulating vesicle traffic a major transport system in cells
1602013ChemistryArieh WarshelUSA/IsraelFor development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems
1612013ChemistryMichael LevittUSA/UKFor development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems
1622013EconomicsEugene F. FamaUSAFor empirical analysis of asset prices
1632013EconomicsRobert J. ShillerUSAFor empirical analysis of asset prices
1642012PhysicsSerge HarocheFranceFor ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems
1652012EconomicsAlvin E. RothUSAFor theory of stable allocations and practice of market design
1662012MedicineShinya YamanakaJapanFor discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent
1672012LiteratureMo YanChinaFor who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales history and contemporary
1682012PeaceEuropean UnionEuropeFor over six decades contribution to advancement of peace and reconciliation democracy and human rights in Europe
1692012EconomicsLloyd S. ShapleyUSAFor theory of stable allocations and practice of market design
1702012MedicineJohn B. GurdonUKFor discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent
1712012ChemistryRobert J. LefkowitzUSAFor studies of G-protein-coupled receptors
1722012PhysicsDavid J. WinelandUSAFor ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems
1732012ChemistryBrian K. KobilkaUSAFor studies of G-protein-coupled receptors
1742011PeaceLeymah GboweeLiberiaFor non-violent struggle for safety of women and for women's right to full participation in peace-building work
1752011PeaceEllen Johnson SirleafLiberiaFor non-violent struggle for safety of women and for women's right to full participation in peace-building work
1762011LiteratureTomas TranströmerSwedenFor condensed translucent images that give fresh access to reality
1772011MedicineRalph M. SteinmanCanadaFor discovery of dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity
1782011MedicineJules A. HoffmannFranceFor discoveries concerning activation of innate immunity
1792011EconomicsChristopher A. SimsUSAFor empirical research on cause and effect in macroeconomy
1802011EconomicsThomas J. SargentUSAFor empirical research on cause and effect in macroeconomy
1812011PeaceTawakkol KarmanYemenFor non-violent struggle for safety of women and for women's right to full participation in peace-building work
1822011PhysicsSaul PerlmutterUSAFor discovery of accelerating expansion of Universe through observations of distant supernovae
1832011PhysicsBrian P. SchmidtUSA/AustraliaFor discovery of accelerating expansion of Universe through observations of distant supernovae
1842011PhysicsAdam G. RiessUSAFor discovery of accelerating expansion of Universe through observations of distant supernovae
1852011ChemistryDan ShechtmanIsraelFor discovery of quasicrystals
1862011MedicineBruce A. BeutlerUSAFor discoveries concerning activation of innate immunity
1872010ChemistryAkira SuzukiJapanFor palladium-catalysed cross couplings in organic synthesis
1882010MedicineRobert G. EdwardsUKFor development of in vitro fertilisation
1892010EconomicsDale T. MortensenUSAFor analysis of markets with search frictions
1902010EconomicsPeter A. DiamondUSAFor analysis of markets with search frictions
1912010PeaceLiu XiaoboChinaFor long non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China
1922010ChemistryEi-ichi NegishiJapan/USAFor palladium-catalysed cross couplings in organic synthesis
1932010PhysicsKonstantin NovoselovRussia/UKFor groundbreaking experiments regarding two-dimensional material graphene
1942010EconomicsChristopher A. PissaridesCyprus/UKFor analysis of markets with search frictions
1952010PhysicsAndre GeimRussia/NetherlandsFor groundbreaking experiments regarding two-dimensional material graphene
1962010LiteratureMario Vargas LlosaPeruFor cartography of structures of power and trenchant images of individual resistance revolt and defeat
1972010ChemistryRichard F. HeckUSAFor palladium-catalysed cross couplings in organic synthesis
1982009MedicineJack W. SzostakUSAFor discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and enzyme telomerase
1992009LiteratureHerta MüllerGermanyFor who with concentration of poetry and frankness of prose depicts landscape of dispossessed
2002009PeaceBarack ObamaUSAFor extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples
2012009EconomicsElinor OstromUSAFor analysis of economic governance especially commons
2022009EconomicsOliver E. WilliamsonUSAFor analysis of economic governance especially boundaries of firm
2032009PhysicsWillard S. BoyleCanadaFor invention of imaging semiconductor circuit CCD sensor
2042009MedicineCarol W. GreiderUSAFor discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and enzyme telomerase
2052009MedicineElizabeth H. BlackburnUSAFor discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and enzyme telomerase
2062009ChemistryAda E. YonathIsraelFor studies of structure and function of ribosome
2072009ChemistryThomas A. SteitzUSAFor studies of structure and function of ribosome
2082009ChemistryVenkatraman RamakrishnanUKFor studies of structure and function of ribosome
2092009PhysicsGeorge E. SmithUSAFor invention of imaging semiconductor circuit CCD sensor
2102009PhysicsCharles Kuen KaoUK/USAFor groundbreaking achievements concerning transmission of light in fibres for optical communication
2112008PeaceMartti AhtisaariFinlandFor efforts on several continents over three decades to resolve international conflicts
2122008ChemistryMartin ChalfieUSAFor discovery and development of green fluorescent protein GFP
2132008LiteratureJean-Marie Gustave Le ClézioFranceFor author of new departures poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy and explorer of humanity beyond reigning civilisation
2142008EconomicsPaul KrugmanUSAFor analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity
2152008PhysicsToshihide MaskawaJapanFor discovery of origin of broken symmetry which predicts existence of at least three families of quarks in nature
2162008ChemistryOsamu ShimomuraJapanFor discovery and development of green fluorescent protein GFP
2172008PhysicsMakoto KobayashiJapanFor discovery of origin of broken symmetry which predicts existence of at least three families of quarks in nature
2182008PhysicsYoichiro NambuJapan/USAFor discovery of mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics
2192008MedicineHarald zur HausenGermanyFor discovery of human papillomavirus viruses causing cervical cancer
2202008ChemistryRoger Y. TsienUSAFor discovery and development of green fluorescent protein GFP
2212008MedicineFrançoise Barré-SinoussiFranceFor discovery of human immunodeficiency virus HIV
2222008MedicineLuc MontagnierFranceFor discovery of human immunodeficiency virus HIV
2232007PhysicsAlbert FertFranceFor discovery of giant magnetoresistance
2242007PeaceAl GoreUSAFor efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change
2252007LiteratureDoris LessingUKFor that epicist of female experience who with scepticism fire and visionary power subjected divided civilisation to scrutiny
2262007PeaceIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeInternationalFor efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change
2272007EconomicsLeonid HurwiczUSAFor having laid foundations of mechanism design theory
2282007EconomicsRoger B. MyersonUSAFor having laid foundations of mechanism design theory
2292007EconomicsEric S. MaskinUSAFor having laid foundations of mechanism design theory
2302007MedicineOliver SmithiesUSAFor discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice using embryonic stem cells
2312007MedicineMartin J. EvansUKFor discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice using embryonic stem cells
2322007PhysicsPeter GrünbergGermanyFor discovery of giant magnetoresistance
2332007MedicineMario R. CapecchiUSAFor discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice using embryonic stem cells
2342007ChemistryGerhard ErtlGermanyFor studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces
2352006MedicineAndrew Z. FireUSAFor discovery of RNA interference and gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
2362006PhysicsGeorge F. SmootUSAFor discovery of blackbody form and anisotropy of cosmic microwave background radiation
2372006EconomicsEdmund S. PhelpsUSAFor analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy
2382006PeaceGrameen BankBangladeshFor efforts to create economic and social development from below
2392006MedicineCraig C. MelloUSAFor discovery of RNA interference and gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
2402006LiteratureOrhan PamukTurkeyFor who in quest for melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for clash and interlacing of cultures
2412006PeaceMuhammad YunusBangladeshFor efforts to create economic and social development from below including founding of Grameen Bank
2422006ChemistryRoger D. KornbergUSAFor studies of molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription
2432006PhysicsJohn C. MatherUSAFor discovery of blackbody form and anisotropy of cosmic microwave background radiation
2442005LiteratureHarold PinterUKFor plays that uncover precipice under everyday prattle and force entry into oppression's closed rooms
2452005MedicineJ. Robin WarrenAustraliaFor discovery of bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
2462005PhysicsJohn L. HallUSAFor contributions to development of laser-based precision spectroscopy
2472005ChemistryRichard R. SchrockUSAFor development of metathesis method in organic synthesis
2482005ChemistryYves ChauvinFranceFor development of metathesis method in organic synthesis
2492005PhysicsRoy J. GlauberUSAFor contribution to quantum theory of optical coherence
2502005PhysicsTheodor W. HänschGermanyFor contributions to development of laser-based precision spectroscopy
2512005ChemistryRobert H. GrubbsUSAFor development of metathesis method in organic synthesis
2522005MedicineBarry J. MarshallAustraliaFor discovery of bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
2532005PeaceInternational Atomic Energy AgencyInternationalFor efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes
2542005EconomicsRobert J. AumannIsrael/USAFor having enhanced understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis
2552005PeaceMohamed ElBaradeiEgyptFor efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes
2562005EconomicsThomas C. SchellingUSAFor having enhanced understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis
2572004MedicineRichard AxelUSAFor discoveries of odorant receptors and organisation of olfactory system
2582004LiteratureElfriede JelinekAustriaFor musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that reveal absurdity of social clichés
2592004PhysicsDavid J. GrossUSAFor discovery of asymptotic freedom in theory of strong interaction
2602004PhysicsH. David PolitzerUSAFor discovery of asymptotic freedom in theory of strong interaction
2612004EconomicsEdward C. PrescottUSAFor contributions to dynamic macroeconomics time consistency of economic policy and driving forces behind business cycles
2622004MedicineLinda B. BuckUSAFor discoveries of odorant receptors and organisation of olfactory system
2632004PhysicsFrank WilczekUSAFor discovery of asymptotic freedom in theory of strong interaction
2642004ChemistryAaron CiechanoverIsraelFor discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
2652004EconomicsFinn E. KydlandNorwayFor contributions to dynamic macroeconomics time consistency of economic policy and driving forces behind business cycles
2662004PeaceWangari Muta MaathaiKenyaFor contribution to sustainable development democracy and peace
2672004ChemistryAvram HershkoIsraelFor discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
2682004ChemistryIrwin RoseUSAFor discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
2692003PhysicsVitaly Lazarevich GinzburgRussiaFor pioneering contributions to theory of superconductors and superfluids
2702003MedicinePaul C. LauterburUSAFor discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging
2712003MedicinePeter MansfieldUKFor discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging
2722003PhysicsAnthony James LeggettUK/USAFor pioneering contributions to theory of superconductors and superfluids
2732003LiteratureJ.M. CoetzeeSouth AfricaFor thoughtful intellectual penetration of writing
2742003ChemistryPeter AgreUSAFor discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes
2752003PhysicsAlexei Alexeyevich AbrikosovUSAFor pioneering contributions to theory of superconductors and superfluids
2762003EconomicsClive W.J. GrangerUKFor methods of analysing economic time series with common trends
2772003PeaceShirin EbadiIranFor efforts for democracy and human rights especially rights of women and children in Iran
2782003ChemistryRoderick MacKinnonUSAFor discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes
2792003EconomicsRobert F. Engle IIIUSAFor methods of analysing economic time series with time-varying volatility
2802002ChemistryKurt WüthrichSwitzerlandFor development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules
2812002ChemistryKoichi TanakaJapanFor development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules
2822002PhysicsMasatoshi KoshibaJapanFor pioneering contributions to astrophysics in particular detection of cosmic neutrinos
2832002PhysicsRaymond Davis Jr.USAFor pioneering contributions to astrophysics in particular detection of cosmic neutrinos
2842002PhysicsRiccardo GiacconiUSAFor pioneering contributions to astrophysics which led to discovery of cosmic X-ray sources
2852002ChemistryJohn Bennett FennUSAFor development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules
2862002EconomicsDaniel KahnemanUSAFor having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science especially human judgment under uncertainty
2872002MedicineSydney BrennerUKFor discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
2882002MedicineH. Robert HorvitzUSAFor discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
2892002LiteratureImre KertészHungaryFor writing that upholds fragile experience of individual against barbaric arbitrariness of history
2902002EconomicsVernon L. SmithUSAFor having established laboratory experiments as tool in empirical economic analysis
2912002MedicineJohn E. SulstonUKFor discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
2922002PeaceJimmy CarterUSAFor decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts
2932001LiteratureV.S. NaipaulUKFor having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see presence of suppressed histories
2942001PhysicsWolfgang KetterleGermanyFor achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms
2952001EconomicsGeorge A. AkerlofUSAFor analyses of markets with asymmetric information
2962001PhysicsCarl Edwin WiemanUSAFor achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms
2972001EconomicsJoseph E. StiglitzUSAFor analyses of markets with asymmetric information
2982001PeaceKofi AnnanGhanaFor better organised and more peaceful world
2992001PeaceUnited NationsInternationalFor better organised and more peaceful world
3002001EconomicsA. Michael SpenceUSAFor analyses of markets with asymmetric information
3012001ChemistryWilliam Standish KnowlesUSAFor work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions
3022001ChemistryKarl Barry SharplessUSAFor work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions
3032001MedicineTimothy HuntUKFor discoveries of key regulators of cell cycle
3042001MedicinePaul Maxime NurseUKFor discoveries of key regulators of cell cycle
3052001MedicineLeland Harrison HartwellUSAFor discoveries of key regulators of cell cycle
3062001PhysicsEric Allin CornellUSAFor achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms
3072001ChemistryRyoji NoyoriJapanFor work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions
3082000LiteratureGao XingjianChina/FranceFor oeuvre of universal validity bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity
3092000ChemistryHideki ShirakawaJapanFor discovery and development of conductive polymers
3102000MedicinePaul GreengardUSAFor discoveries concerning signal transduction in nervous system
3112000PhysicsJack S. KilbyUSAFor part in invention of integrated circuit
3122000PhysicsHerbert KroemerGermany/USAFor basic work on information and communication technology
3132000MedicineArvid CarlssonSwedenFor discoveries concerning signal transduction in nervous system
3142000ChemistryAlan G. MacDiarmidNew Zealand/USAFor discovery and development of conductive polymers
3152000PhysicsZhores I. AlferovRussiaFor basic work on information and communication technology
3162000ChemistryAlan J. HeegerUSAFor discovery and development of conductive polymers
3172000EconomicsDaniel L. McFaddenUSAFor development of theory and methods for analysing discrete choice
3182000PeaceKim Dae-jungSouth KoreaFor work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and East Asia
3192000EconomicsJames J. HeckmanUSAFor development of theory and methods for analysing selective samples
3202000MedicineEric R. KandelUSAFor discoveries concerning signal transduction in nervous system
3211999ChemistryAhmed Hassan ZewailEgypt/USAFor studies of transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy
3221999PhysicsMartinus J.G. VeltmanNetherlandsFor elucidating quantum structure of electroweak interactions
3231999LiteratureGünter GrassGermanyFor frolicsome black fables portraying forgotten face of history
3241999PeaceMédecins Sans FrontièresFranceFor pioneering humanitarian work on several continents
3251999PhysicsGerardus 't HooftNetherlandsFor elucidating quantum structure of electroweak interactions
3261999EconomicsRobert A. MundellCanadaFor analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes
3271999MedicineGünter BlobelUSAFor discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals governing their transport and localization in cell
3281998PeaceJohn HumeNorthern IrelandFor efforts to find peaceful solution to conflict in Northern Ireland
3291998ChemistryJohn Anthony PopleUKFor development of computational methods in quantum chemistry
3301998PeaceDavid TrimbleNorthern IrelandFor efforts to find peaceful solution to conflict in Northern Ireland
3311998EconomicsAmartya SenIndiaFor contributions to welfare economics
3321998PhysicsDaniel Chee TsuiUSAFor discovery of new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations
3331998ChemistryWalter KohnUSAFor development of density-functional theory
3341998MedicineRobert Francis FurchgottUSAFor discoveries concerning nitric oxide as signalling molecule in cardiovascular system
3351998LiteratureJosé SaramagoPortugalFor parables sustained by imagination clarity and compassion enabling reader to recapture elusive reality
3361998PhysicsRobert B. LaughlinUSAFor discovery of new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations
3371998MedicineLouis IgnarroUSAFor discoveries concerning nitric oxide as signalling molecule in cardiovascular system
3381998MedicineFerid MuradUSAFor discoveries concerning nitric oxide as signalling molecule in cardiovascular system
3391998PhysicsHorst Ludwig StörmerGermanyFor discovery of new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations
3401997PeaceInternational Campaign to Ban LandminesInternationalFor work to ban anti-personnel land mines
3411997EconomicsMyron S. ScholesUSAFor new method to determine value of derivatives
3421997EconomicsRobert C. MertonUSAFor new method to determine value of derivatives
3431997ChemistryJens Christian SkouDenmarkFor first discovery of ion-transporting enzyme Na+ K+-ATPase
3441997PhysicsClaude Cohen-TannoudjiFranceFor development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light
3451997PhysicsWilliam Daniel PhillipsUSAFor development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light
3461997ChemistryJohn Ernest WalkerUKFor elucidation of enzymatic mechanism underlying synthesis of adenosine triphosphate
3471997PhysicsSteven ChuUSAFor development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light
3481997ChemistryPaul D. BoyerUSAFor elucidation of enzymatic mechanism underlying synthesis of adenosine triphosphate
3491997PeaceJody WilliamsUSAFor work to ban anti-personnel land mines
3501997MedicineStanley Benjamin PrusinerUSAFor discovery of prions and new biological principle of infection
3511997LiteratureDario FoItalyFor emulating jesters of Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding dignity of downtrodden
3521996PhysicsDavid Morris LeeUSAFor discovery of superfluidity in helium-3
3531996PhysicsDouglas Dean OsheroffUSAFor discovery of superfluidity in helium-3
3541996PhysicsRobert Coleman RichardsonUSAFor discovery of superfluidity in helium-3
3551996EconomicsJames A. MirrleesUKFor fundamental contributions to economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information
3561996PeaceCarlos Filipe Ximenes BeloEast TimorFor work towards just and peaceful solution to conflict in East Timor
3571996PeaceJosé Ramos-HortaEast TimorFor work towards just and peaceful solution to conflict in East Timor
3581996ChemistryRobert F. Curl Jr.USAFor discovery of fullerenes
3591996LiteratureWisława SzymborskaPolandFor poetry that with ironic precision allows historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality
3601996MedicineRolf M. ZinkernagelSwitzerlandFor discoveries concerning specificity of cell mediated immune defence
3611996MedicinePeter C. DohertyAustraliaFor discoveries concerning specificity of cell mediated immune defence
3621996ChemistryRichard E. SmalleyUSAFor discovery of fullerenes
3631996EconomicsWilliam VickreyUSAFor fundamental contributions to economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information
3641996ChemistryHarold W. KrotoUKFor discovery of fullerenes
3651995EconomicsRobert E. Lucas Jr.USAFor developed and applied hypothesis of rational expectations and transformed macroeconomic analysis
3661995ChemistryMario J. MolinaUSAFor work in atmospheric chemistry particularly concerning formation and decomposition of ozone
3671995MedicineChristiane Nüsslein-VolhardGermanyFor discoveries concerning genetic control of early embryonic development
3681995ChemistryFrank Sherwood RowlandUSAFor work in atmospheric chemistry particularly concerning formation and decomposition of ozone
3691995MedicineEdward B. LewisUSAFor discoveries concerning genetic control of early embryonic development
3701995PhysicsMartin Lewis PerlUSAFor discovery of tau lepton
3711995PhysicsFrederick ReinesUSAFor detection of neutrino
3721995ChemistryPaul J. CrutzenNetherlandsFor work in atmospheric chemistry particularly concerning formation and decomposition of ozone
3731995MedicineEric F. WieschausUSAFor discoveries concerning genetic control of early embryonic development
3741995LiteratureSeamus HeaneyIrelandFor works of poetic beauty and ethical depth which exalt everyday miracles and living past
3751995PeaceJoseph RotblatUKFor efforts toward world free of nuclear weapons
3761995PeacePugwash Conferences on Science and World AffairsInternationalFor efforts toward world free of nuclear weapons
3771994EconomicsReinhard SeltenGermanyFor pioneering analysis of equilibria in theory of non-cooperative games
3781994MedicineAlfred G. GilmanUSAFor discovery of G-proteins and role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
3791994MedicineMartin RodbellUSAFor discovery of G-proteins and role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
3801994LiteratureKenzaburō ŌeJapanFor poetic force creating imagined world where life and myth condense to form disconcerting picture of human predicament
3811994PeaceShimon PeresIsraelFor efforts to create peace in Middle East
3821994PeaceYasser ArafatPalestineFor efforts to create peace in Middle East
3831994PhysicsBertram N. BrockhouseCanadaFor development of neutron spectroscopy
3841994ChemistryGeorge Andrew OlahUSAFor contribution to carbocation chemistry
3851994PhysicsClifford G. ShullUSAFor development of neutron scattering techniques
3861994EconomicsJohn F. Nash Jr.USAFor pioneering analysis of equilibria in theory of non-cooperative games
3871994EconomicsJohn C. HarsanyiUSAFor pioneering analysis of equilibria in theory of non-cooperative games
3881994PeaceYitzhak RabinIsraelFor efforts to create peace in Middle East
3891993EconomicsDouglass C. NorthUSAFor renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods
3901993LiteratureToni MorrisonUSAFor novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import giving life to essential aspect of American reality
3911993PeaceNelson MandelaSouth AfricaFor peaceful termination of apartheid regime and laying foundations for new democratic South Africa
3921993PeaceF.W. de KlerkSouth AfricaFor peaceful termination of apartheid regime and laying foundations for new democratic South Africa
3931993EconomicsRobert W. FogelUSAFor renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods
3941993MedicineRichard John RobertsUKFor discoveries of split genes
3951993MedicinePhillip Allen SharpUSAFor discoveries of split genes
3961993ChemistryKary Banks MullisUSAFor contributions to developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry
3971993PhysicsJoseph Hooton Taylor Jr.USAFor discovery of new type of pulsar that has opened up new possibilities for study of gravitation
3981993PhysicsRussell Alan HulseUSAFor discovery of new type of pulsar that has opened up new possibilities for study of gravitation
3991993ChemistryMichael SmithCanadaFor contributions to developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry
4001992PhysicsGeorges CharpakFranceFor invention and development of particle detectors in particular multiwire proportional chamber
4011992MedicineEdmond Henri FischerUSAFor discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as biological regulatory mechanism
4021992LiteratureDerek WalcottSaint LuciaFor poetic oeuvre of great luminosity sustained by historical vision outcome of multicultural commitment
4031992ChemistryRudolph A. MarcusUSAFor contributions to theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems
4041992PeaceRigoberta Menchú TumGuatemalaFor work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for rights of indigenous peoples
4051992EconomicsGary S. BeckerUSAFor extended domain of microeconomic analysis to wide range of human behaviour including non-market behaviour
4061992MedicineEdwin Gerhard KrebsUSAFor discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as biological regulatory mechanism
4071991MedicineBert SakmannGermanyFor discoveries concerning function of single ion channels in cells
4081991ChemistryRichard Robert ErnstSwitzerlandFor contributions to development of methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
4091991MedicineErwin NeherGermanyFor discoveries concerning function of single ion channels in cells
4101991PhysicsPierre-Gilles de GennesFranceFor discovering methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter
4111991EconomicsRonald H. CoaseUKFor discovery and clarification of significance of transaction costs and property rights
4121991LiteratureNadine GordimerSouth AfricaFor magnificent epic writing which has been of very great benefit to humanity
4131991PeaceAung San Suu KyiMyanmarFor non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights in Myanmar
4141990EconomicsWilliam F. SharpeUSAFor pioneering work in theory of financial economics
4151990PhysicsJerome I. FriedmanUSAFor pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons
4161990PhysicsRichard E. TaylorCanadaFor pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons
4171990PhysicsHenry W. KendallUSAFor pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons
4181990MedicineE. Donnall ThomasUSAFor discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in treatment of disease
4191990MedicineJoseph E. MurrayUSAFor discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in treatment of disease
4201990LiteratureOctavio PazMexicoFor impassioned writing with wide horizons characterized by sensory intelligence and humanistic integrity
4211990ChemistryElias James CoreyUSAFor development of theory and methodology of organic synthesis
4221990EconomicsHarry M. MarkowitzUSAFor pioneering work in theory of financial economics
4231990EconomicsMerton H. MillerUSAFor pioneering work in theory of financial economics
4241990PeaceMikhail GorbachevUSSRFor leading role in peace process and greater openness in Soviet Union
4251989EconomicsTrygve HaavelmoNorwayFor clarification of probability theory foundations of econometrics and simultaneous statistical economic structure analyses
4261989PhysicsNorman Foster RamseyUSAFor invention of separated oscillatory fields method and its use in hydrogen maser and atomic clocks
4271989MedicineHarold Eliot VarmusUSAFor discovery of cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
4281989LiteratureCamilo José CelaSpainFor rich and intensive prose which with restrained compassion forms challenging vision of man's vulnerability
4291989ChemistryThomas Robert CechUSAFor discovery of catalytic properties of RNA
4301989MedicineJ. Michael BishopUSAFor discovery of cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
4311989PeaceTenzin Gyatso (Dalai Lama)TibetFor advocacy of peaceful solution based on tolerance and mutual respect for Tibet
4321989PhysicsWolfgang PaulGermanyFor development of ion trap technique
4331989PhysicsHans Georg DehmeltUSAFor development of ion trap technique
4341989ChemistrySidney AltmanUSAFor discovery of catalytic properties of RNA
4351988PhysicsLeon Max LedermanUSAFor neutrino beam method and demonstration of doublet structure of leptons through discovery of muon neutrino
4361988MedicineGertrude Belle ElionUSAFor important principles for drug treatment
4371988MedicineJames Whyte BlackUKFor important principles for drug treatment
4381988MedicineGeorge Herbert HitchingsUSAFor important principles for drug treatment
4391988ChemistryHartmut MichelGermanyFor determination of three-dimensional structure of photosynthetic reaction centre
4401988PhysicsJack SteinbergerUSAFor neutrino beam method and demonstration of doublet structure of leptons through discovery of muon neutrino
4411988ChemistryJohann DeisenhoferGermanyFor determination of three-dimensional structure of photosynthetic reaction centre
4421988ChemistryRobert HuberGermanyFor determination of three-dimensional structure of photosynthetic reaction centre
4431988PhysicsMelvin SchwartzUSAFor neutrino beam method and demonstration of doublet structure of leptons through discovery of muon neutrino
4441988PeaceUnited Nations Peacekeeping ForcesInternationalFor peacekeeping operations worldwide
4451988EconomicsMaurice AllaisFranceFor pioneering contributions to theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources
4461988LiteratureNaguib MahfouzEgyptFor works rich in nuance and form an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind
4471987PhysicsKarl Alexander MüllerSwitzerlandFor important breakthrough in discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials
4481987ChemistryJean-Marie LehnFranceFor development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity
4491987PhysicsJ. Georg BednorzGermanyFor important breakthrough in discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials
4501987ChemistryCharles John PedersenUSAFor development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity
4511987MedicineSusumu TonegawaJapanFor discovery of genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity
4521987ChemistryDonald James CramUSAFor development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity
4531987PeaceOscar Arias SánchezCosta RicaFor Central American peace plan
4541987LiteratureJoseph BrodskyUSAFor all-embracing authorship imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity
4551987EconomicsRobert M. SolowUSAFor contributions to theory of economic growth
4561986PhysicsHeinrich RohrerSwitzerlandFor design of scanning tunneling microscope
4571986ChemistryDudley Robert HerschbachUSAFor contributions to dynamics of chemical elementary processes
4581986MedicineStanley CohenUSAFor discoveries of growth factors
4591986ChemistryJohn Charles PolanyiCanadaFor contributions to dynamics of chemical elementary processes
4601986ChemistryYuan Tseh LeeUSAFor contributions to dynamics of chemical elementary processes
4611986PeaceElie WieselUSAFor being messenger to mankind with mission of peace atonement and human dignity
4621986PhysicsGerd BinnigGermanyFor design of scanning tunneling microscope
4631986PhysicsErnst RuskaGermanyFor fundamental work in electron optics and design of first electron microscope
4641986LiteratureWole SoyinkaNigeriaFor broad cultural perspective and poetic overtones fashioning drama of existence
4651986MedicineRita Levi-MontalciniItalyFor discoveries of growth factors
4661986EconomicsJames M. Buchanan Jr.USAFor development of contractual and constitutional bases for theory of economic and political decision-making
4671985ChemistryJerome KarleUSAFor outstanding achievements in development of direct methods for determination of crystal structures
4681985MedicineJoseph Leonard GoldsteinUSAFor discoveries concerning regulation of cholesterol metabolism
4691985MedicineMichael Stuart BrownUSAFor discoveries concerning regulation of cholesterol metabolism
4701985ChemistryHerbert A. HauptmanUSAFor outstanding achievements in development of direct methods for determination of crystal structures
4711985LiteratureClaude SimonFranceFor depth of present day meaning to narrative fiction
4721985EconomicsFranco ModiglianiUSAFor pioneering analyses of saving and financial markets
4731985PeaceInternational Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear WarInternationalFor spreading authoritative information about catastrophic consequences of nuclear war
4741985PhysicsKlaus von KlitzingGermanyFor discovery of quantized Hall effect
4751984MedicineNiels Kaj JerneDenmarkFor theories concerning specificity in development and control of immune system
4761984MedicineCésar MilsteinUKFor development of monoclonal antibodies
4771984MedicineGeorges Jean Franz KöhlerGermanyFor development of monoclonal antibodies
4781984ChemistryRobert Bruce MerrifieldUSAFor development of methodology for chemical synthesis on solid matrix
4791984LiteratureJaroslav SeifertCzechoslovakiaFor poetry which endowed with freshness originality and poetic imagination provides liberating image of indomitable spirit
4801984EconomicsRichard StoneUKFor fundamental contributions to development of systems of national accounts
4811984PeaceDesmond TutuSouth AfricaFor role as unifying leader in campaign to resolve problem of apartheid in South Africa
4821984PhysicsCarlo RubbiaItalyFor decisive contributions to large project which led to discovery of field particles W and Z
4831984PhysicsSimon van der MeerNetherlandsFor decisive contributions to large project which led to discovery of field particles W and Z
4841983EconomicsGérard DebreuUSAFor incorporation of new analytical methods into economic theory and rigorous reformulation of general equilibrium theory
4851983PeaceLech WałęsaPolandFor championing workers rights in Poland
4861983ChemistryHenry TaubeUSAFor work on mechanisms of electron transfer reactions especially in metal complexes
4871983PhysicsWilliam Alfred FowlerUSAFor theoretical and experimental studies of nuclear reactions in formation of chemical elements in universe
4881983LiteratureWilliam GoldingUKFor novels which illuminate condition of man in the world
4891983MedicineBarbara McClintockUSAFor discovery of mobile genetic elements
4901983PhysicsSubramanyan ChandrasekharUSAFor theoretical studies of physical processes of importance to structure and evolution of stars
4911982MedicineSune K. BergströmSwedenFor discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances
4921982MedicineJohn R. VaneUKFor discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances
4931982MedicineBengt I. SamuelssonSwedenFor discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances
4941982LiteratureGabriel García MárquezColombiaFor novels and short stories in which fantastic and realistic elements are combined in richly composed world
4951982PeaceAlva MyrdalSwedenFor efforts on behalf of disarmament
4961982PeaceAlfonso García RoblesMexicoFor efforts on behalf of disarmament and Treaty of Tlatelolco
4971982EconomicsGeorge J. StiglerUSAFor seminal studies of industrial structures functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation
4981982PhysicsKenneth G. WilsonUSAFor theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions
4991982ChemistryAaron KlugUKFor development of crystallographic electron microscopy and structural elucidation of nucleic acid-protein complexes
5001981MedicineRoger Wolcott SperryUSAFor discoveries concerning functional specialization of cerebral hemispheres
5011981MedicineDavid Hunter HubelUSAFor discoveries concerning information processing in visual system
5021981LiteratureElias CanettiUKFor writings marked by broad outlook wealth of ideas and artistic power
5031981MedicineTorsten Nils WieselSwedenFor discoveries concerning information processing in visual system
5041981EconomicsJames TobinUSAFor analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions production employment and prices
5051981PeaceOffice of United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesSwitzerlandFor providing protection and assistance to refugees
5061981PhysicsNicolaas BloembergenUSAFor contribution to development of laser spectroscopy
5071981ChemistryKenichi FukuiJapanFor theories concerning course of chemical reactions
5081981PhysicsKai Manne Börje SiegbahnSwedenFor contribution to development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy
5091981PhysicsArthur Leonard SchawlowUSAFor contribution to development of laser spectroscopy
5101981ChemistryRoald HoffmannUSAFor theories concerning course of chemical reactions
5111980EconomicsLawrence R. KleinUSAFor creation of econometric models and application to analysis of economic fluctuations and policies
5121980LiteratureCzesław MiłoszPoland/USAFor voice in which he exposes the vulnerability of man in conflict with a world of strife
5131980PeaceAdolfo Pérez EsquivelArgentinaFor supporting the struggle for human rights in Latin America
5141980PhysicsJames W. CroninUSAFor discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in decay of neutral K-mesons
5151980PhysicsVal L. FitchUSAFor discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in decay of neutral K-mesons
5161980ChemistryPaul BergUSAFor fundamental studies of biochemistry of nucleic acids with particular regard to recombinant DNA
5171980ChemistryWalter GilbertUSAFor contributions concerning determination of base sequences in nucleic acids
5181980ChemistryFrederick SangerUKFor contributions concerning determination of base sequences in nucleic acids
5191980MedicineBaruj BenacerrafUSAFor discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on cell surface that regulate immunological reactions
5201980MedicineJean DaussetFranceFor discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on cell surface that regulate immunological reactions
5211980MedicineGeorge D. SnellUSAFor discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on cell surface that regulate immunological reactions
5221979ChemistryHerbert Charles BrownUSAFor development of use of boron compounds in organic synthesis
5231979ChemistryGeorg WittigGermanyFor development of use of phosphorus compounds in organic synthesis
5241979MedicineAllan MacLeod CormackUSAFor development of computer assisted tomography
5251979MedicineGodfrey Newbold HounsfieldUKFor development of computer assisted tomography
5261979LiteratureOdysseas ElytisGreeceFor poetry which against background of Greek tradition depicts man's struggle for freedom and creativeness
5271979PeaceMother TeresaIndiaFor work to overcome poverty and distress in Calcutta
5281979EconomicsTheodore W. SchultzUSAFor pioneering research into economic development with consideration of problems of developing countries
5291979EconomicsW. Arthur LewisUKFor pioneering research into economic development with consideration of problems of developing countries
5301979PhysicsSheldon Lee GlashowUSAFor contributions to theory of unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles
5311979PhysicsAbdus SalamPakistanFor contributions to theory of unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles
5321979PhysicsSteven WeinbergUSAFor contributions to theory of unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles
5331978PeaceMenachem BeginIsraelFor Camp David Accords and peace with Egypt
5341978EconomicsHerbert A. SimonUSAFor pioneering research into decision-making process within economic organizations
5351978PeaceAnwar SadatEgyptFor Camp David Accords and peace with Israel
5361978LiteratureIsaac Bashevis SingerUSAFor impassioned narrative art which with roots in Polish-Jewish cultural tradition brings universal human condition to life
5371978MedicineHamilton Othanel SmithUSAFor discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics
5381978PhysicsRobert Woodrow WilsonUSAFor discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
5391978ChemistryPeter D. MitchellUKFor contribution to understanding of biological energy transfer through chemiosmotic theory
5401978MedicineDaniel NathansUSAFor discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics
5411978MedicineWerner ArberSwitzerlandFor discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics
5421978PhysicsPyotr Leonidovich KapitsaUSSRFor basic inventions and discoveries in area of low-temperature physics
5431978PhysicsArno Allan PenziasUSAFor discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
5441977EconomicsBertil OhlinSwedenFor pathbreaking contribution to theory of international trade and international capital movements
5451977EconomicsJames E. MeadeUKFor pathbreaking contribution to theory of international trade and international capital movements
5461977PhysicsNevill Francis MottUKFor fundamental theoretical investigations of electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems
5471977PhysicsJohn Hasbrouck van VleckUSAFor fundamental theoretical investigations of electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems
5481977ChemistryIlya PrigogineBelgiumFor contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics particularly theory of dissipative structures
5491977MedicineRoger GuilleminUSAFor discoveries concerning peptide hormone production of brain
5501977MedicineAndrew Víctor SchallyUSAFor discoveries concerning peptide hormone production of brain
5511977MedicineRosalyn YalowUSAFor development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones
5521977LiteratureVicente AleixandreSpainFor creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in cosmos
5531977PhysicsPhilip Warren AndersonUSAFor fundamental theoretical investigations of electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems
5541977PeaceAmnesty InternationalUKFor campaign against torture and for human rights worldwide
5551976LiteratureSaul BellowUSAFor human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture combined with rich portraiture
5561976MedicineDaniel Carleton GajdusekUSAFor discoveries concerning new mechanisms for origin and dissemination of infectious diseases
5571976ChemistryWilliam Nunn Lipscomb Jr.USAFor studies on structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding
5581976PeaceMairead CorriganNorthern IrelandFor founding the Community of Peace People
5591976PeaceBetty WilliamsNorthern IrelandFor founding the Community of Peace People
5601976EconomicsMilton FriedmanUSAFor achievements in fields of consumption analysis monetary history and theory
5611976MedicineBaruch S. BlumbergUSAFor discoveries concerning new mechanisms for origin and dissemination of infectious diseases
5621976PhysicsSamuel Chao Chung TingUSAFor pioneering work in discovery of heavy elementary particle of new kind
5631976PhysicsBurton RichterUSAFor pioneering work in discovery of heavy elementary particle of new kind
5641975ChemistryVladimir PrelogSwitzerlandFor research into stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions
5651975MedicineDavid BaltimoreUSAFor discoveries concerning interaction between tumour viruses and genetic material of cell
5661975ChemistryJohn Warcup CornforthAustralia/UKFor work on stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
5671975PhysicsLeo James RainwaterUSAFor discovery of connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei
5681975PhysicsBen Roy MottelsonDenmarkFor discovery of connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei
5691975PhysicsAage Niels BohrDenmarkFor discovery of connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei
5701975EconomicsLeonid Vitaliyevich KantorovichUSSRFor contributions to theory of optimum allocation of resources
5711975EconomicsTjalling C. KoopmansUSAFor contributions to theory of optimum allocation of resources
5721975LiteratureEugenio MontaleItalyFor distinctive poetry which with great artistic sensitivity has interpreted human values
5731975PeaceAndrei SakharovUSSRFor fearless support of fundamental human rights
5741975MedicineHoward Martin TeminUSAFor discoveries concerning interaction between tumour viruses and genetic material of cell
5751975MedicineRenato DulbeccoUSAFor discoveries concerning interaction between tumour viruses and genetic material of cell
5761974EconomicsGunnar MyrdalSwedenFor pioneering work in theory of money and economic fluctuations
5771974EconomicsFriedrich August von HayekUKFor pioneering work in theory of money and economic fluctuations
5781974PhysicsAntony HewishUKFor pioneering research in radio astrophysics and discovery of pulsars
5791974PhysicsMartin RyleUKFor pioneering research in radio astrophysics
5801974MedicineChristian de DuveBelgiumFor discoveries concerning structural and functional organisation of cell
5811974MedicineGeorge Emil PaladeUSAFor discoveries concerning structural and functional organisation of cell
5821974LiteratureEyvind JohnsonSwedenFor narrative art far-seeing in lands and ages in service of freedom
5831974LiteratureHarry MartinsonSwedenFor writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect cosmos
5841974PeaceSeán MacBrideIrelandFor mobilizing world support for human rights
5851974PeaceEisaku SatoJapanFor nuclear non-proliferation policy in Japan
5861974ChemistryPaul J. FloryUSAFor fundamental achievements in physical chemistry of macromolecules
5871974MedicineAlbert ClaudeUSAFor discoveries concerning structural and functional organisation of cell
5881973ChemistryErnst Otto FischerGermanyFor pioneering work on chemistry of organometallic sandwich compounds
5891973PhysicsBrian David JosephsonUKFor theoretical predictions of properties of supercurrent through tunnel barrier
5901973ChemistryGeoffrey WilkinsonUKFor pioneering work on chemistry of organometallic sandwich compounds
5911973MedicineKarl von FrischGermanyFor discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns
5921973LiteraturePatrick WhiteAustraliaFor epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced new continent into literature
5931973PeaceHenry A. KissingerUSAFor negotiating ceasefire in Vietnam War
5941973PhysicsIvar GiaeverNorway/USAFor experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in superconductors
5951973PhysicsLeo EsakiJapanFor experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors
5961973PeaceLe Duc ThoVietnamFor negotiating ceasefire in Vietnam War (declined)
5971973EconomicsWassily LeontiefUSAFor development of input-output method and its application to important economic problems
5981973MedicineNikolaas TinbergenNetherlands/UKFor discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns
5991973MedicineKonrad LorenzAustriaFor discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns
6001972EconomicsJohn R. HicksUKFor pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory
6011972EconomicsKenneth J. ArrowUSAFor pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory
6021972LiteratureHeinrich BöllGermanyFor writing which through combining broad perspective on his time has contributed to renewal of German literature
6031972MedicineRodney Robert PorterUKFor discoveries concerning chemical structure of antibodies
6041972MedicineGerald Maurice EdelmanUSAFor discoveries concerning chemical structure of antibodies
6051972ChemistryWilliam Howard SteinUSAFor contribution to understanding of connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of ribonuclease
6061972ChemistryStanford MooreUSAFor contribution to understanding of connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of ribonuclease
6071972ChemistryChristian Boehmer AnfinsenUSAFor work on ribonuclease especially concerning connection between amino acid sequence and biologically active conformation
6081972PhysicsJohn Robert SchriefferUSAFor theory of superconductivity usually called BCS theory
6091972PhysicsLeon Neil CooperUSAFor theory of superconductivity usually called BCS theory
6101972PhysicsJohn BardeenUSAFor theory of superconductivity usually called BCS theory
6111971EconomicsSimon KuznetsUSAFor empirically founded interpretation of economic growth
6121971MedicineEarl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.USAFor discoveries concerning mechanisms of action of hormones
6131971PeaceWilly BrandtGermanyFor Ostpolitik reconciliation with Eastern Europe
6141971ChemistryGerhard HerzbergCanadaFor contributions to knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules particularly free radicals
6151971LiteraturePablo NerudaChileFor poetry that with action of elemental forces brings alive continent of Latin America
6161971PhysicsDennis GaborUKFor invention and development of holographic method
6171970PhysicsHannes AlfvénSwedenFor fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydrodynamics with fruitful applications in plasma physics
6181970EconomicsPaul A. SamuelsonUSAFor scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory
6191970PhysicsLouis NéelFranceFor fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism
6201970ChemistryLuis F. LeloirArgentinaFor discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in biosynthesis of carbohydrates
6211970MedicineUlf von EulerSwedenFor discoveries concerning humoral transmitters in nerve terminals
6221970MedicineJulius AxelrodUSAFor discoveries concerning humoral transmitters in nerve terminals
6231970MedicineBernard KatzUKFor discoveries concerning humoral transmitters in nerve terminals
6241970LiteratureAleksandr SolzhenitsynUSSRFor ethical force with which he has pursued indispensable traditions of Russian literature
6251970PeaceNorman E. BorlaugUSAFor introducing high-yielding varieties of wheat and improving food production
6261969PhysicsMurray Gell-MannUSAFor contributions and discoveries concerning classification of elementary particles and their interactions
6271969PeaceInternational Labour OrganizationSwitzerlandFor efforts to improve working conditions and social justice
6281969LiteratureSamuel BeckettIrelandFor writing which in new forms for novel and drama acquires its elevation from human destitution
6291969MedicineSalvador Edward LuriaUSAFor discoveries concerning replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses
6301969MedicineAlfred Day HersheyUSAFor discoveries concerning replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses
6311969MedicineMax DelbrückUSAFor discoveries concerning replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses
6321969ChemistryOdd HasselNorwayFor contributions to development of concept of conformation and its application in chemistry
6331969ChemistryDerek Harold Richard BartonUKFor contributions to development of concept of conformation and its application in chemistry
6341969EconomicsPaul A. SamuelsonUSAFor scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory
6351968LiteratureYasunari KawabataJapanFor narrative mastery which with great sensibility expresses essence of Japanese mind
6361968MedicineMarshall Warren NirenbergUSAFor interpretation of genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
6371968MedicineRobert W. HolleyUSAFor interpretation of genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
6381968EconomicsRagnar FrischNorwayFor developing and applying dynamic models for analysis of economic processes
6391968PeaceRené CassinFranceFor role in writing Universal Declaration of Human Rights
6401968EconomicsJan TinbergenNetherlandsFor developing and applying dynamic models for analysis of economic processes
6411968MedicineHar Gobind KhoranaIndia/USAFor interpretation of genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
6421968PhysicsLuis Walter AlvarezUSAFor decisive contributions to elementary particle physics especially discovery of large number of resonance states
6431968ChemistryLars OnsagerNorway/USAFor discovery of reciprocal relations fundamental for thermodynamics of irreversible processes
6441967MedicineHaldan Keffer HartlineUSAFor discoveries concerning primary physiological and chemical visual processes
6451967MedicineRagnar GranitFinland/SwedenFor discoveries concerning primary physiological and chemical visual processes
6461967LiteratureMiguel Ángel AsturiasGuatemalaFor vivid literary achievement deep-rooted in national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America
6471967MedicineGeorge WaldUSAFor discoveries concerning primary physiological and chemical visual processes
6481967ChemistryRonald George Wreyford NorrishUKFor studies of extremely fast chemical reactions
6491967ChemistryGeorge PorterUKFor studies of extremely fast chemical reactions
6501967ChemistryManfred EigenGermanyFor studies of extremely fast chemical reactions
6511967PhysicsHans Albrecht BetheUSAFor contributions to theory of nuclear reactions especially discoveries concerning energy production in stars
6521966LiteratureShmuel Yosef AgnonIsraelFor profoundly characteristic art of narration with motifs from life of Jewish people
6531966LiteratureNelly SachsGermany/SwedenFor outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing which interprets fate of Israel
6541966ChemistryRobert S. MullikenUSAFor fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and electronic structure of molecules
6551966PhysicsAlfred KastlerFranceFor discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms
6561966MedicinePeyton RousUSAFor discovery of tumour-inducing viruses
6571966MedicineCharles Brenton HugginsUSAFor discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer
6581965PeaceUnited Nations Children's FundInternationalFor work to promote children's welfare and humanitarian causes
6591965PhysicsRichard P. FeynmanUSAFor fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics
6601965ChemistryRobert Burns WoodwardUSAFor outstanding achievements in art of organic synthesis
6611965MedicineFrançois JacobFranceFor discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis
6621965MedicineAndré LwoffFranceFor discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis
6631965MedicineJacques MonodFranceFor discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis
6641965LiteratureMikhail SholokhovUSSRFor artistic power and integrity with which he has expressed unique phase in history of Russian people
6651965PhysicsSin-Itiro TomonagaJapanFor fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics
6661965PhysicsJulian SchwingerUSAFor fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics
6671964PhysicsAlexander Mikhailovich ProkhorovUSSRFor fundamental work in quantum electronics which led to construction of masers and lasers
6681964MedicineFeodor LynenGermanyFor discoveries concerning mechanism and regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
6691964PeaceMartin Luther King Jr.USAFor non-violent struggle for civil rights
6701964PhysicsNikolay Gennadiyevich BasovUSSRFor fundamental work in quantum electronics which led to construction of masers and lasers
6711964ChemistryDorothy Crowfoot HodgkinUKFor determinations by X-ray techniques of structures of important biochemical substances
6721964MedicineKonrad BlochUSAFor discoveries concerning mechanism and regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
6731964LiteratureJean-Paul SartreFranceDeclined the prize
6741964PhysicsCharles Hard TownesUSAFor fundamental work in quantum electronics which led to construction of masers and lasers
6751963PhysicsMaria Goeppert MayerUSAFor discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure
6761963PhysicsJ. Hans D. JensenGermanyFor discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure
6771963ChemistryKarl ZieglerGermanyFor discoveries in field of chemistry and technology of high polymers
6781963PeaceInternational Committee of the Red CrossSwitzerlandFor centenary of founding of Red Cross
6791963LiteratureGiorgos SeferisGreeceFor eminent lyrical writing inspired by deep feeling for Hellenic world of culture
6801963PeaceLeague of Red Cross SocietiesSwitzerlandFor centenary of founding of Red Cross
6811963MedicineJohn Carew EcclesAustraliaFor discoveries concerning ionic mechanisms in nerve cell membranes
6821963PhysicsEugene Paul WignerUSAFor contributions to theory of atomic nucleus and elementary particles
6831963MedicineAndrew Fielding HuxleyUKFor discoveries concerning ionic mechanisms in nerve cell membranes
6841963MedicineAlan Lloyd HodgkinUKFor discoveries concerning ionic mechanisms in nerve cell membranes
6851963ChemistryGiulio NattaItalyFor discoveries in field of chemistry and technology of high polymers
6861962MedicineJames Dewey WatsonUSAFor discoveries concerning molecular structure of nucleic acids
6871962MedicineMaurice Hugh Frederick WilkinsUKFor discoveries concerning molecular structure of nucleic acids
6881962LiteratureJohn SteinbeckUSAFor realistic and imaginative writings combining sympathetic humour and keen social perception
6891962PeaceLinus PaulingUSAFor campaign against nuclear weapons testing
6901962MedicineFrancis Harry Compton CrickUKFor discoveries concerning molecular structure of nucleic acids
6911962ChemistryJohn Cowdery KendrewUKFor studies of structures of globular proteins
6921962ChemistryMax Ferdinand PerutzUKFor studies of structures of globular proteins
6931962PhysicsLev Davidovich LandauUSSRFor pioneering theories for condensed matter especially liquid helium
6941961PeaceDag HammarskjöldSwedenFor work as Secretary-General of United Nations
6951961LiteratureIvo AndrićYugoslaviaFor epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies from history of Bosnia
6961961PhysicsRudolf Ludwig MössbauerGermanyFor research on resonance absorption of gamma radiation and discovery of Mössbauer effect
6971961PhysicsRobert HofstadterUSAFor pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei
6981961MedicineGeorg von BékésyHungary/USAFor discoveries of physical mechanism of stimulation within cochlea
6991961ChemistryMelvin CalvinUSAFor research on carbon dioxide assimilation in plants
7001960ChemistryWillard F. LibbyUSAFor method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology geology and geophysics
7011960PhysicsDonald A. GlaserUSAFor invention of bubble chamber
7021960MedicineFrank Macfarlane BurnetAustraliaFor discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
7031960MedicinePeter Brian MedawarUKFor discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
7041960LiteratureSaint-John PerseFranceFor soaring flight and evocative imagery of his poetry
7051960PeaceAlbert LutuliSouth AfricaFor non-violent struggle against apartheid
7061959LiteratureSalvatore QuasimodoItalyFor lyrical poetry which with classical fire expresses tragic experience of life in present day world
7071959PhysicsEmilio Gino SegrèUSAFor discovery of antiproton
7081959ChemistryJaroslav HeyrovskýCzechoslovakiaFor discovery and development of polarographic methods of analysis
7091959PhysicsOwen ChamberlainUSAFor discovery of antiproton
7101959PeacePhilip Noel-BakerUKFor lifelong work for international peace and cooperation through disarmament
7111959MedicineArthur KornbergUSAFor discovery of mechanisms in biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid
7121959MedicineSevero OchoaUSAFor discovery of mechanisms in biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid
7131958PhysicsPavel Alekseyevich CherenkovUSSRFor discovery and interpretation of Cherenkov effect
7141958LiteratureBoris PasternakUSSRFor important achievement in contemporary lyrical poetry and great Russian epic tradition
7151958MedicineJoshua LederbergUSAFor discoveries concerning genetic recombination
7161958MedicineEdward Lawrie TatumUSAFor discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events
7171958MedicineGeorge Wells BeadleUSAFor discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events
7181958ChemistryFrederick SangerUKFor work on structure of proteins especially insulin
7191958PhysicsIgor Yevgenyevich TammUSSRFor discovery and interpretation of Cherenkov effect
7201958PhysicsIlya Mikhailovich FrankUSSRFor discovery and interpretation of Cherenkov effect
7211958PeaceGeorges PireBelgiumFor work to aid World War II refugees
7221957PhysicsTsung-Dao LeeChina/USAFor penetrating investigation of parity laws leading to important discoveries regarding elementary particles
7231957PhysicsChen Ning YangChina/USAFor penetrating investigation of parity laws leading to important discoveries regarding elementary particles
7241957MedicineDaniel BovetSwitzerlandFor discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit action of certain body substances
7251957ChemistryAlexander Robertus ToddUKFor work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes
7261957LiteratureAlbert CamusFranceFor important literary production which illuminates problems of human conscience
7271957PeaceLester Bowles PearsonCanadaFor role in resolving Suez Crisis through UN Emergency Force
7281956LiteratureJuan Ramón JiménezSpainFor lyrical poetry which in Spanish language constitutes example of high spirit and artistical purity
7291956MedicineAndré Frédéric CournandUSAFor discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in circulatory system
7301956PhysicsJohn BardeenUSAFor researches on semiconductors and discovery of transistor effect
7311956ChemistryCyril Norman HinshelwoodUKFor researches into mechanism of chemical reactions
7321956ChemistryNikolay Nikolaevich SemenovUSSRFor researches into mechanism of chemical reactions
7331956MedicineWerner ForssmannGermanyFor discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in circulatory system
7341956MedicineDickinson W. RichardsUSAFor discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in circulatory system
7351956PhysicsWalter Houser BrattainUSAFor researches on semiconductors and discovery of transistor effect
7361956PhysicsWilliam Bradford ShockleyUSAFor researches on semiconductors and discovery of transistor effect
7371955MedicineAxel Hugo Theodor TheorellSwedenFor discoveries concerning nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes
7381955PhysicsWillis Eugene LambUSAFor discoveries concerning fine structure of hydrogen spectrum
7391955PhysicsPolykarp KuschUSAFor precision determination of magnetic moment of electron
7401955ChemistryVincent du VigneaudUSAFor work on biochemically important sulphur compounds
7411955LiteratureHalldór LaxnessIcelandFor vivid epic power which has renewed great narrative art of Iceland
7421954MedicineThomas Huckle WellerUSAFor discovery of ability of poliovirus to grow in culture
7431954MedicineFrederick Chapman RobbinsUSAFor discovery of ability of poliovirus to grow in culture
7441954LiteratureErnest HemingwayUSAFor mastery of narrative art and influence on contemporary style
7451954PeaceOffice of United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesSwitzerlandFor work to help refugees
7461954PhysicsMax BornUKFor fundamental research in quantum mechanics especially statistical interpretation of wave function
7471954PhysicsWalther BotheGermanyFor coincidence method and discoveries made therewith
7481954ChemistryLinus PaulingUSAFor research into nature of chemical bond and its application to structure of complex substances
7491954MedicineJohn Franklin EndersUSAFor discovery of ability of poliovirus to grow in culture
7501953MedicineHans Adolf KrebsUKFor discovery of coenzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism
7511953MedicineFritz Albert LipmannUSAFor discovery of coenzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism
7521953LiteratureWinston ChurchillUKFor mastery of historical and biographical description and brilliant oratory
7531953PeaceGeorge MarshallUSAFor Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe after WWII
7541953ChemistryHermann StaudingerGermanyFor discoveries in field of macromolecular chemistry
7551953PhysicsFrits ZernikeNetherlandsFor demonstration of phase contrast method and invention of phase contrast microscope
7561952ChemistryArcher John Porter MartinUKFor invention of partition chromatography
7571952PhysicsEdward Mills PurcellUSAFor development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements
7581952ChemistryRichard Laurence Millington SyngeUKFor invention of partition chromatography
7591952MedicineSelman Abraham WaksmanUSAFor discovery of streptomycin
7601952LiteratureFrançois MauriacFranceFor deep spiritual insight and artistic intensity with which he has penetrated drama of human life
7611952PeaceAlbert SchweitzerGermanyFor humanitarian work in Lambaréné Gabon
7621952PhysicsFelix BlochUSAFor development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements
7631951ChemistryGlenn Theodore SeaborgUSAFor discoveries in chemistry of transuranium elements
7641951ChemistryEdwin Mattison McMillanUSAFor discoveries in chemistry of transuranium elements
7651951PhysicsJohn Douglas CockcroftUKFor pioneer work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles
7661951LiteraturePär LagerkvistSwedenFor artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he seeks answers to eternal questions
7671951MedicineMax TheilerSouth AfricaFor discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it
7681951PeaceLéon JouhauxFranceFor trade union work for peace
7691951PhysicsErnest Thomas Sinton WaltonIrelandFor pioneer work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles
7701950MedicineTadeus ReichsteinPoland/SwitzerlandFor discoveries relating to hormones of the adrenal cortex
7711950LiteratureBertrand RussellUKFor writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought
7721950PeaceRalph BuncheUSAFor mediation in Palestine
7731950MedicinePhilip S. HenchUSAFor discoveries relating to hormones of the adrenal cortex
7741950ChemistryKurt AlderGermanyFor discovery and development of diene synthesis
7751950ChemistryOtto Paul Hermann DielsGermanyFor discovery and development of diene synthesis
7761950MedicineEdward C. KendallUSAFor discoveries relating to hormones of the adrenal cortex
7771950PhysicsCecil Frank PowellUKFor development of photographic method of studying nuclear processes and discovery of pions
7781949MedicineWalter Rudolf HessSwitzerlandFor discovery of functional organization of interbrain as coordinator of activities of internal organs
7791949PeaceJohn Boyd OrrUKFor scientific research into nutrition and initiatives as first Director-General of FAO
7801949MedicineAntónio Egas MonizPortugalFor discovery of therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses
7811949PhysicsHideki YukawaJapanFor prediction of existence of mesons on basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces
7821949ChemistryWilliam Francis GiauqueUSAFor contributions in field of chemical thermodynamics particularly concerning behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures
7831949LiteratureWilliam FaulknerUSAFor powerful and artistically unique contribution to modern American novel
7841948LiteratureT.S. EliotUK/USAFor outstanding pioneer contribution to present-day poetry
7851948ChemistryArne Wilhelm Kaurin TiseliusSwedenFor research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis especially concerning serum proteins
7861948PhysicsPatrick Maynard Stuart BlackettUKFor development of Wilson cloud chamber method and discoveries in nuclear physics and cosmic radiation
7871948MedicinePaul Hermann MüllerSwitzerlandFor discovery of high efficiency of DDT as contact poison against arthropods
7881947PeaceFriends Service CouncilUKFor humanitarian Quaker work
7891947ChemistryRobert RobinsonUKFor investigations on plant products of biological importance especially alkaloids
7901947PhysicsEdward Victor AppletonUKFor investigations of physics of upper atmosphere especially discovery of Appleton layer
7911947MedicineBernardo Alberto HoussayArgentinaFor discovery of part played by hormone of anterior pituitary lobe in regulation of blood sugar
7921947PeaceAmerican Friends Service CommitteeUSAFor humanitarian Quaker work
7931947MedicineGerty Theresa CoriUSAFor discovery of course of catalytic conversion of glycogen
7941947MedicineCarl Ferdinand CoriUSAFor discovery of course of catalytic conversion of glycogen
7951947LiteratureAndré GideFranceFor comprehensive and artistically significant writings presented with fearless love of truth
7961946PeaceEmily Greene BalchUSAFor peace activism
7971946ChemistryJames Batcheller SumnerUSAFor discovery that enzymes can be crystallized
7981946PhysicsPercy Williams BridgmanUSAFor invention of apparatus to produce extremely high pressures and discoveries in high pressure physics
7991946MedicineHermann Joseph MullerUSAFor discovery of production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation
8001946PeaceJohn Raleigh MottUSAFor missionary and peace work
8011946ChemistryWendell Meredith StanleyUSAFor preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form
8021946ChemistryJohn Howard NorthropUSAFor preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form
8031946LiteratureHermann HesseGermany/SwitzerlandFor inspired writings which exemplify classic humanitarian ideals
8041945LiteratureGabriela MistralChileFor lyric poetry inspired by powerful emotions
8051945PhysicsWolfgang PauliAustriaFor discovery of exclusion principle also called Pauli principle
8061945ChemistryArtturi Ilmari VirtanenFinlandFor research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry
8071945MedicineErnst Boris ChainUKFor discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
8081945PeaceCordell HullUSAFor efforts to build United Nations
8091945MedicineAlexander FlemingUKFor discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
8101945MedicineHoward Walter FloreyAustraliaFor discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
8111944MedicineHerbert Spencer GasserUSAFor discoveries relating to highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres
8121944ChemistryOtto HahnGermanyFor discovery of fission of heavy nuclei
8131944PhysicsIsidor Isaac RabiUSAFor resonance method for recording magnetic properties of atomic nuclei
8141944MedicineJoseph ErlangerUSAFor discoveries relating to highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres
8151944LiteratureJohannes Vilhelm JensenDenmarkFor rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination
8161944PeaceInternational Committee of the Red CrossSwitzerlandFor humanitarian work during World War II
8171943MedicineHenrik Carl Peter DamDenmarkFor discovery of vitamin K
8181943PhysicsOtto SternUSAFor contribution to development of molecular ray method and discovery of magnetic moment of proton
8191943ChemistryGeorg de HevesyHungaryFor work on use of isotopes as tracers in study of chemical processes
8201943MedicineEdward Adelbert DoisyUSAFor discovery of chemical nature of vitamin K
8211939PhysicsErnest Orlando LawrenceUSAFor invention and development of cyclotron
8221939ChemistryAdolf Friedrich Johann ButenandtGermanyFor work on sex hormones
8231939ChemistryLeopold RužičkaSwitzerlandFor work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes
8241939LiteratureFrans Eemil SillanpääFinlandFor deep understanding of Finnish peasantry and exquisite art with which he portrayed their way of life
8251939MedicineGerhard DomagkGermanyFor discovery of antibacterial effects of prontosil
8261938ChemistryRichard KuhnGermanyFor work on carotenoids and vitamins
8271938LiteraturePearl BuckUSAFor rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China
8281938MedicineCorneille Jean François HeymansBelgiumFor discovery of role played by sinus and aortic mechanisms in regulation of respiration
8291938PhysicsEnrico FermiItalyFor demonstrations of existence of new radioactive elements and discovery of nuclear reactions
8301938PeaceNansen International Office for RefugeesSwitzerlandFor humanitarian work with refugees
8311937PhysicsGeorge Paget ThomsonUKFor experimental discovery of diffraction of electrons by crystals
8321937ChemistryWalter Norman HaworthUKFor investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C
8331937ChemistryPaul KarrerSwitzerlandFor investigations on carotenoids flavins and vitamins A and B2
8341937LiteratureRoger Martin du GardFranceFor artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict
8351937PeaceRobert CecilUKFor work in League of Nations
8361937MedicineAlbert von Szent-Györgyi NagyrápoltHungaryFor discoveries in connection with biological combustion processes especially vitamin C
8371937PhysicsClinton Joseph DavissonUSAFor experimental discovery of diffraction of electrons by crystals
8381936PhysicsCarl David AndersonUSAFor discovery of positron
8391936PhysicsVictor Franz HessAustriaFor discovery of cosmic radiation
8401936ChemistryPeter DebyeNetherlandsFor contributions to knowledge of molecular structure through investigations on dipole moments
8411936PeaceCarlos Saavedra LamasArgentinaFor mediating end to Chaco War
8421936LiteratureEugene O'NeillUSAFor power sincerity and depth of feeling of his dramatic works
8431936MedicineOtto LoewiGermanyFor discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses
8441936MedicineHenry Hallett DaleUKFor discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses
8451935MedicineHans SpemannGermanyFor discovery of organizer effect in embryonic development
8461935ChemistryIrène Joliot-CurieFranceFor synthesis of new radioactive elements
8471935ChemistryFrédéric JoliotFranceFor synthesis of new radioactive elements
8481935PhysicsJames ChadwickUKFor discovery of neutron
8491935PeaceCarl von OssietzkyGermanyFor peace activism and pacifist journalism
8501934MedicineGeorge Hoyt WhippleUSAFor discoveries concerning liver therapy against anaemia
8511934MedicineWilliam Parry MurphyUSAFor discoveries concerning liver therapy against anaemia
8521934ChemistryHarold Clayton UreyUSAFor discovery of heavy hydrogen
8531934LiteratureLuigi PirandelloItalyFor bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art
8541934PeaceArthur HendersonUKFor work as president of World Disarmament Conference
8551934MedicineGeorge Richards MinotUSAFor discoveries concerning liver therapy against anaemia
8561933PhysicsErwin SchrödingerAustriaFor discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory
8571933PhysicsPaul Adrien Maurice DiracUKFor discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory
8581933MedicineThomas Hunt MorganUSAFor discoveries concerning role played by chromosome in heredity
8591933LiteratureIvan BuninRussiaFor strict artistry with which he has carried on classical Russian traditions in prose writing
8601933PeaceNorman AngellUKFor peace activism and book The Great Illusion
8611932MedicineCharles Scott SherringtonUKFor discoveries regarding functions of neurons
8621932MedicineEdgar Douglas AdrianUKFor discoveries regarding functions of neurons
8631932ChemistryIrving LangmuirUSAFor discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry
8641932PhysicsWerner HeisenbergGermanyFor creation of quantum mechanics
8651932LiteratureJohn GalsworthyUKFor distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga
8661931PeaceJane AddamsUSAFor social work and peace activism
8671931ChemistryFriedrich BergiusGermanyFor invention and development of chemical high pressure methods
8681931PeaceNicholas Murray ButlerUSAFor promoting peace through international law
8691931LiteratureErik Axel KarlfeldtSwedenFor poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt
8701931MedicineOtto Heinrich WarburgGermanyFor discovery of nature and mode of action of respiratory enzyme
8711931ChemistryCarl BoschGermanyFor invention and development of chemical high pressure methods
8721930MedicineKarl LandsteinerUSAFor discovery of human blood groups
8731930PhysicsVenkata RamanIndiaFor work on scattering of light and discovery of Raman effect
8741930ChemistryHans FischerGermanyFor researches into constitution of haemin and chlorophyll
8751930LiteratureSinclair LewisUSAFor vigorous and graphic art of description and ability to create types with wit and humour
8761930PeaceLars Olof Jonathan SöderblomSwedenFor efforts to promote church unity and international peace
8771929PhysicsLouis de BroglieFranceFor discovery of wave nature of electrons
8781929ChemistryArthur HardenUKFor investigations on fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes
8791929MedicineChristiaan EijkmanNetherlandsFor discovery of antineuritic vitamin
8801929LiteratureThomas MannGermanyFor great novel Buddenbrooks which has won recognition as classic of contemporary literature
8811929PeaceFrank B. KelloggUSAFor Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawing war
8821929MedicineFrederick Gowland HopkinsUKFor discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins
8831929ChemistryHans Karl August Simon von Euler-ChelpinSwedenFor investigations on fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes
8841928ChemistryAdolf WindausGermanyFor research into constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins
8851928LiteratureSigrid UndsetNorwayFor powerful descriptions of Northern life during Middle Ages
8861928MedicineCharles NicolleFranceFor work on typhus
8871928PhysicsOwen Willans RichardsonUKFor work on thermionic phenomenon and discovery of Richardson law
8881927ChemistryHeinrich Otto WielandGermanyFor investigations of bile acids and related substances
8891927LiteratureHenri BergsonFranceFor rich and vitalizing ideas and brilliant skill with which they have been presented
8901927MedicineJulius Wagner-JaureggAustriaFor discovery of therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in treatment of dementia paralytica
8911927PeaceFerdinand BuissonFranceFor long career in service of peace
8921927PeaceLudwig QuiddeGermanyFor long career in service of peace
8931927PhysicsCharles Thomson Rees WilsonUKFor method of making paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour
8941927PhysicsArthur Holly ComptonUSAFor discovery of Compton effect
8951926PhysicsJean Baptiste PerrinFranceFor work on discontinuous structure of matter and discovery of sedimentation equilibrium
8961926ChemistryTheodor SvedbergSwedenFor work on disperse systems
8971926MedicineJohannes FibigerDenmarkFor discovery of spiroptera carcinoma
8981926LiteratureGrazia DeleddaItalyFor idealistically inspired writings portraying life of her island with plastic clarity
8991926PeaceAristide BriandFranceFor Locarno Pact and efforts for Franco-German reconciliation
9001926PeaceGustav StresemannGermanyFor Locarno Pact and efforts for Franco-German reconciliation
9011925PeaceCharles Gates DawesUSAFor Dawes Plan stabilizing German economy
9021925PeaceAusten ChamberlainUKFor role in Locarno Pact
9031925ChemistryRichard Adolf ZsigmondyGermanyFor elucidation of heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions
9041925LiteratureGeorge Bernard ShawIreland/UKFor work which is marked by idealism and humanity
9051925PhysicsJames FranckGermanyFor discovery of laws governing impact of electron upon atom
9061925PhysicsGustav HertzGermanyFor discovery of laws governing impact of electron upon atom
9071924MedicineWillem EinthovenNetherlandsFor discovery of mechanism of electrocardiogram
9081924PhysicsManne SiegbahnSwedenFor discoveries and research in field of X-ray spectroscopy
9091924LiteratureWładysław ReymontPolandFor national epic The Peasants
9101923MedicineJohn James Rickard MacleodUKFor discovery of insulin
9111923PhysicsRobert Andrews MillikanUSAFor work on elementary charge of electricity and photoelectric effect
9121923MedicineFrederick BantingCanadaFor discovery of insulin
9131923ChemistryFritz PreglAustriaFor invention of method of microanalysis of organic substances
9141923LiteratureWilliam Butler YeatsIrelandFor inspired poetry which gives expression to spirit of whole nation
9151922ChemistryFrancis William AstonUKFor discovery of isotopes in numerous non-radioactive elements by means of mass spectrograph
9161922MedicineArchibald Vivian HillUKFor discovery relating to heat production in muscle
9171922PeaceFridtjof NansenNorwayFor humanitarian work on behalf of refugees
9181922PhysicsNiels BohrDenmarkFor investigation of structure of atoms and radiation emanating from them
9191922LiteratureJacinto BenaventeSpainFor happy manner in which he continued the illustrious traditions of Spanish drama
9201922MedicineOtto Fritz MeyerhofGermanyFor discovery of fixed relationship between oxygen consumption and metabolism of lactic acid in muscle
9211921PhysicsAlbert EinsteinGermany/USAFor discovery of law of photoelectric effect
9221921LiteratureAnatole FranceFranceFor brilliant literary achievements characterized by nobility of style and sympathy with humanity
9231921ChemistryFrederick SoddyUKFor contributions to knowledge of chemistry of radioactive substances and investigations into origin and nature of isotopes
9241921PeaceChristian Lous LangeNorwayFor work for peace and international arbitration
9251921PeaceHjalmar BrantingSwedenFor work for peace and international arbitration
9261920PeaceLéon BourgeoisFranceFor role in establishing the League of Nations
9271920MedicineAugust KroghDenmarkFor discovery of capillary motor regulating mechanism
9281920ChemistryWalther NernstGermanyFor work in thermochemistry
9291920PhysicsCharles Édouard GuillaumeSwitzerlandFor discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys
9301920LiteratureKnut HamsunNorwayFor monumental work Growth of the Soil
9311919LiteratureCarl SpittelerSwitzerlandFor his epic Olympian Spring
9321919MedicineJules BordetBelgiumFor discoveries relating to immunity
9331919PeaceWoodrow WilsonUSAFor founding the League of Nations
9341919PhysicsJohannes StarkGermanyFor discovery of Doppler effect in canal rays and splitting of spectral lines in electric fields
9351918ChemistryFritz HaberGermanyFor synthesis of ammonia from its elements
9361918PhysicsMax PlanckGermanyFor discovery of energy quanta
9371917LiteratureKarl Adolph GjellerupDenmarkFor varied and rich poetry inspired by high ideals
9381917PhysicsCharles Glover BarklaUKFor discovery of characteristic Röntgen radiation of elements
9391917PeaceInternational Committee of the Red CrossSwitzerlandFor humanitarian efforts during World War I
9401917LiteratureHenrik PontoppidanDenmarkFor authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark
9411915PhysicsWilliam Henry BraggUKFor services in analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays
9421915ChemistryRichard WillstätterGermanyFor researches on plant pigments especially chlorophyll
9431915LiteratureRomain RollandFranceFor lofty idealism of his literary production and sympathy and love of truth
9441915PhysicsWilliam Lawrence BraggUK/AustraliaFor services in analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays
9451914PhysicsMax von LaueGermanyFor discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals
9461914ChemistryTheodore William RichardsUSAFor accurate determination of atomic weight of numerous chemical elements
9471914MedicineRobert BárányAustriaFor work on physiology and pathology of vestibular apparatus
9481913MedicineCharles RichetFranceFor work on anaphylaxis
9491913ChemistryAlfred WernerSwitzerlandFor work on linkage of atoms in molecules
9501913PhysicsHeike Kamerlingh OnnesNetherlandsFor investigations on properties of matter at low temperatures leading to production of liquid helium
9511913PeaceHenri La FontaineBelgiumFor leadership of International Peace Bureau
9521913LiteratureRabindranath TagoreIndiaFor profoundly sensitive fresh and beautiful verse
9531912ChemistryPaul SabatierFranceFor method of hydrogenating organic compounds
9541912LiteratureGerhart HauptmannGermanyFor fruitful varied and outstanding production in realm of dramatic art
9551912MedicineAlexis CarrelFranceFor work on vascular suture and transplantation of blood vessels and organs
9561912PhysicsNils Gustaf DalénSwedenFor invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys
9571912ChemistryVictor GrignardFranceFor discovery of Grignard reagent
9581912PeaceElihu RootUSAFor efforts to bring nations together through arbitration
9591911PeaceTobias AsserNetherlandsFor contributions to international law
9601911LiteratureMaurice MaeterlinckBelgiumFor literary activities and dramatic works
9611911PhysicsWilhelm WienGermanyFor discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation
9621911PeaceAlfred FriedAustriaFor peace activism
9631911MedicineAllvar GullstrandSwedenFor work on dioptrics of the eye
9641911ChemistryMarie CuriePoland/FranceFor discovery of radium and polonium and isolation of radium
9651910PhysicsJohannes Diderik van der WaalsNetherlandsFor work on equation of state for gases and liquids
9661910PeacePermanent International Peace BureauSwitzerlandFor organizing and coordinating the peace movement
9671910ChemistryOtto WallachGermanyFor services to organic chemistry by pioneering work in alicyclic compounds
9681910MedicineAlbrecht KosselGermanyFor contributions to cell biology through work on proteins including nucleic substances
9691910LiteraturePaul HeyseGermanyFor lyric poetry dramas novels and tales
9701909PhysicsGuglielmo MarconiItalyFor contributions to development of wireless telegraphy
9711909PeacePaul Henri d'Estournelles de ConstantFranceFor efforts in service of peace and fraternity between nations
9721909PhysicsKarl Ferdinand BraunGermanyFor contributions to development of wireless telegraphy
9731909PeaceAuguste BeernaertBelgiumFor work as leader of important peace legislation
9741909LiteratureSelma LagerlöfSwedenFor lofty idealism vivid imagination and spiritual perception
9751909MedicineEmil Theodor KocherSwitzerlandFor work on physiology pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland
9761909ChemistryWilhelm OstwaldGermanyFor work on catalysis and investigations into fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria
9771908ChemistryErnest RutherfordUKFor investigations into disintegration of elements and chemistry of radioactive substances
9781908MedicineIlya Ilyich MechnikovRussiaFor work on immunity
9791908PhysicsGabriel LippmannFranceFor method of reproducing colours photographically based on interference phenomenon
9801908PeaceKlas Pontus ArnoldsonSwedenFor peace activism
9811908PeaceFredrik BajerDenmarkFor peace activism
9821908LiteratureRudolf EuckenGermanyFor earnest search for truth and penetrating power of thought
9831908MedicinePaul EhrlichGermanyFor work on immunity
9841907PeaceLouis RenaultFranceFor work in area of international arbitration
9851907PeaceErnesto Teodoro MonetaItalyFor peace activism
9861907PhysicsAlbert Abraham MichelsonUSAFor optical precision instruments and spectroscopic and metrological investigations
9871907ChemistryEduard BuchnerGermanyFor biochemical researches and discovery of cell-free fermentation
9881907LiteratureRudyard KiplingUKFor power of observation originality of imagination and virility of ideas
9891907MedicineCharles Louis Alphonse LaveranFranceFor work on protozoa in generation of diseases
9901906MedicineSantiago Ramón y CajalSpainFor work on structure of nervous system
9911906LiteratureGiosuè CarducciItalyFor creative energy fresh originality and lyric power
9921906PeaceTheodore RooseveltUSAFor mediating end to Russo-Japanese War
9931906ChemistryHenri MoissanFranceFor investigation and isolation of fluorine element
9941906PhysicsJ.J. ThomsonUKFor theoretical and experimental investigations on conduction of electricity by gases
9951906MedicineCamillo GolgiItalyFor work on structure of nervous system
9961905PeaceBertha von SuttnerAustriaFor peace activism and novel Lay Down Your Arms
9971905ChemistryAdolf von BaeyerGermanyFor advancement of organic chemistry through work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds
9981905LiteratureHenryk SienkiewiczPolandFor outstanding merits as an epic writer
9991905MedicineRobert KochGermanyFor investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis
10001905PhysicsPhilipp LenardGermanyFor research on cathode rays
10011904ChemistryWilliam RamsayUKFor discovery of inert gaseous elements in air
10021904LiteratureFrédéric MistralFranceFor fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetry
10031904LiteratureJosé EchegaraySpainFor numerous and brilliant compositions which revived great traditions of Spanish drama
10041904PhysicsLord RayleighUKFor investigations of densities of gases and discovery of argon
10051904PeaceInstitute of International LawBelgiumFor work to formulate general principles of international law
10061904MedicineIvan PavlovRussiaFor work on physiology of digestion
10071903PhysicsPierre CurieFranceFor research on radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel
10081903PeaceRandal CremerUKFor work as secretary of International Arbitration League
10091903PhysicsHenri BecquerelFranceFor discovery of spontaneous radioactivity
10101903LiteratureBjørnstjerne BjørnsonNorwayFor noble high and versatile poetry distinguished by freshness of inspiration
10111903PhysicsMarie CuriePoland/FranceFor research on radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel
10121903ChemistrySvante ArrheniusSwedenFor electrolytic theory of dissociation
10131903MedicineNiels Ryberg FinsenDenmarkFor treatment of diseases especially lupus vulgaris with concentrated light radiation
10141902ChemistryEmil FischerGermanyFor work on sugar and purine syntheses
10151902LiteratureTheodor MommsenGermanyFor greatest living master of the art of historical writing
10161902PhysicsHendrik Antoon LorentzNetherlandsFor research into influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena
10171902PhysicsPieter ZeemanNetherlandsFor research into influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena
10181902PeaceÉlie DucommunSwitzerlandFor honorary direction of Permanent International Peace Bureau
10191902PeaceCharles Albert GobatSwitzerlandFor honorary direction of Permanent International Peace Bureau
10201902MedicineRonald RossUKFor work on malaria and how it enters the organism
10211901PeaceFrédéric PassyFranceFor founding and leading the French peace society
10221901MedicineEmil Adolf von BehringGermanyFor work on serum therapy and victory over diphtheria
10231901ChemistryJacobus Henricus van 't HoffNetherlandsFor discovery of laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure
10241901LiteratureSully PrudhommeFranceFor poetic composition giving evidence of lofty idealism and artistic perfection
10251901PeaceHenry DunantSwitzerlandFor founding the Red Cross and proposing the Geneva Convention
10261901PhysicsWilhelm Conrad RöntgenGermanyFor discovery of remarkable rays subsequently named after him